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프라그마틱 플레이 pragmatickr.com on experience and context. It might not have a clear set of fundamental principles or a coherent ethical framework. This can result in an absence of idealistic goals or a radical change. Contrary to deflationary theories of truth the pragmatic theories of truth don't reject the idea that statements are related to current events. They only define the role that truth plays in everyday endeavors. Definition The word pragmatic is used to refer to people or things that are practical, rational and sensible. It is frequently used to distinguish between idealistic, which is a person or an idea that is based upon ideals or high principles. A person who is pragmatic considers the real world conditions and circumstances when making decisions, and is focused on what can be realistically achieved as opposed to trying to find the most effective theoretical course of action. Pragmatism is a new philosophical movement, emphasizes the importance that practical consequences determine meaning, truth or value. It is a third alternative philosophy to the dominant analytical and continental traditions. It was developed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and Josiah Royce, pragmatism developed into two competing streams of thought, one inclining toward relativism and the other towards the idea of realism. The nature of truth is an important issue in the philosophy of pragmatism. Many pragmatists acknowledge that truth is a valuable concept however, they disagree on the definition or how it works in practice. One method, influenced by Peirce and James, concentrates on the ways in which people solve issues and make assertions. It also prioritizes the speech-act and justification projects of language-users when determining whether something is true. One approach, influenced Rorty's followers, focuses more on the mundane functions of truth, such as its ability to generalize, recommend and caution, and is less concerned with a complex theory of truth. This neopragmatic approach to the truth has two flaws. First, it flirts with relativism. Truth is a concept that has an extensive and long-standing history that it's unlikely its meaning could be reduced to everyday uses as pragmatists do. The second flaw is that pragmatism appears to be a way of thinking that rejects the existence of truth, at the very least in its metaphysical sense. This is reflected in the fact that pragmatists such as Brandom (who is owed an obligation to Peirce and James) are generally absent from metaphysics-related questions and Dewey's lengthy writings have only one reference to the issue of truth. Purpose The aim of pragmatism is to provide a different perspective to analytic and Continental traditions of philosophy. Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and their Harvard colleague Josiah Royce (1860-1916) were the first to start its first generation. These classical pragmatists emphasized theorizing inquiry and meaning, as well as the nature of truth. Their influence spread to a number influential American thinkers, including John Dewey (1860-1952), who applied their ideas to education and social improvement in other dimensions. Jane Addams (1860-1935) was the social worker who founded the field, also benefited from this influence. In recent years a new generation of philosophers have given pragmatism a larger platform for discussion. While they are different from traditional pragmatists, a lot of these neo-pragmatists believe themselves to be part of the same tradition. Robert Brandom is their main persona. He focuses his work on semantics and the philosophy of language but also draws from the philosophy of Peirce, James, and others. One of the main distinctions between the classical pragmatists and the neo-pragmatists is their understanding of what it takes for an idea to be true. The classical pragmatists focused on a concept called 'truth-functionality,' which states that an idea is genuinely true if it is useful in practice. The neo-pragmatists instead focus on the idea of 'ideal warranted assertion,' which says that an idea is true if a claim about it can be justified in a particular way to a specific group of people. There are however some issues with this theory. It is often accused of being used to support illogical and silly concepts. The gremlin hypothesis is an example: It's a useful concept that can be applied in real life but is probably unfounded and absurd. This isn't a huge issue, but it does highlight one of pragmatism's main flaws It can be used to justify nearly anything, and this includes many absurd ideas. Significance When making decisions, pragmatic means taking into account the world as it is and its conditions. It can also refer to the philosophy that focuses on practical considerations in the determining of truth, meaning, or value. William James (1842-1910) first used the term “pragmatism” to describe this view in a speech he delivered at the University of California, Berkeley. James swore he coined the term along with his mentor and friend Charles Sanders Peirce, but the pragmatist view soon earned its own reputation. The pragmatists rejected the sharp dichotomies in analytic philosophy like mind and body, thought and experience and synthesthetic and analytic. They also rebuffed the idea of truth as something that is fixed or objective, instead describing it as a continuously evolving socially-determined notion. Classical pragmatics primarily focused on theorizing inquiry, meaning and the nature of truth however James put these concepts to work exploring truth in religion. A second generation shifted the pragmatist approach to education, politics and other aspects of social improvement, under the great influence of John Dewey (1859-1952). The neo-pragmatists of recent years have made an effort to place pragmatism within the larger Western philosophical context, by tracing the affinities of Peirce's ideas with Kant and other 19th century idealists and the new science of evolutionary theory. They also sought to clarify the role of truth in an original epistemology of a priori and developed a Metaphilosophy of the practical that includes views on the meaning of language, as well as the nature and origin of knowledge. Yet, pragmatism continues to develop, and the a posteriori epistemology that it developed is still considered an important distinction from traditional approaches. The defenders of pragmatism have had to face a myriad of objections that are just as old as the pragmatic theory itself, but have gained more attention in recent times. Some of these include the idea that pragmatism fails when applied to moral questions and that its claim “what works” is nothing more than relativism with an unpolished appearance. Methods Peirce's epistemological approach included a pragmatic elucidation. He saw it as a means of destroying false metaphysical notions like the Catholic conception of transubstantiation Cartesian epistemology that relies on certainty-seeking strategies and Kant's concept of a 'thing in itself' (Simson 2010). The Pragmatic Maxim, according to many modern pragmatists is the most accurate thing you can expect from a theoretical framework about truth. In this sense, they tend to steer clear of deflationist theories of truth that need to be verified in order to be valid. They advocate an alternative approach they call “pragmatic explanation”. This is the process of explaining how a concept is used in practice and identifying the criteria that must be met to recognize that concept as truthful. This approach is often criticized for being an example of form-relativism. It is less extreme than deflationist alternatives and can be a useful way to get out of some the relativist theories of reality's issues. As a result of this, a number of liberatory philosophical ideas that are related to eco-philosophy, feminism, Native American philosophy, and Latin American philosophy, look for guidance from the pragmatist tradition. Quine for instance, is an analytic philosopher who has embraced the pragmatist tradition in a way Dewey could not. Although pragmatism has a long tradition, it is crucial to recognize that there are also some significant flaws in the philosophy. Particularly, pragmatism does not provide an objective test of truth and it is not applicable to moral issues. Quine, Wilfrid Solars and other pragmatists have also criticized the philosophy. Richard Rorty and Robert Brandom are among the philosophers who have revived it from obscurity. Although these philosophers aren't classical pragmatists, they do contribute significantly to the philosophy of pragmatism and draw upon the work of Peirce, James and Wittgenstein in their writings. Their writings are worth reading for anyone interested in this philosophical movement.